2025
Sex Differences in Natural History and Health Outcomes Among Individuals With Tic Disorders
Dy-Hollins M, Chibnik L, Tracy N, Osiecki L, Budman C, Cath D, Grados M, King R, Lyon G, Rouleau G, Sandor P, Singer H, Sharma N, Mathews C, Scharf J. Sex Differences in Natural History and Health Outcomes Among Individuals With Tic Disorders. Neurology 2025, 104: e210249. PMID: 39813627, PMCID: PMC11735146, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000210249.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTourette syndromeTic disordersTime to diagnosisSex differencesVocal tic disorderLonger time to diagnosisGeneralized estimating equation regression modelsSymptom onsetAnalyze sex differencesEquation regression modelsTic severityClinical measuresTouretteParticipantsRegression modelsFamily relationshipsPersistent motorSymptomsDisordersResearch studies
2024
Pharmacological Interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents with Tourette Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Farhat L, Behling E, Landeros-Weisenberger A, de Barros P, Polanczyk G, Cortese S, Bloch M. Pharmacological Interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents with Tourette Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Journal Of Child And Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2024, 34: 373-382. PMID: 39320340, PMCID: PMC11807863, DOI: 10.1089/cap.2024.0049.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchADHD symptomsAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderTic severityTourette's disorderAttention-deficit/hyperactivityRandomized controlled trialsA2 agonistPharmacological interventionsADHD symptom severityIncreased tic severityPersistent tic disordersNetwork meta-analysisStandardized mean differencePairs of medicationsEfficacy of pharmacological interventionsWorsen ticsRandom-effects network meta-analysisSymptom severityTic disordersADHDMeta-analysisNetwork meta-analysis frameworkCertainty of evidenceDisordersNetwork meta-analyses
2023
Functional connectivity during tic suppression predicts reductions in vocal tics following behavior therapy in children with Tourette syndrome
Morand-Beaulieu S, Crowley M, Grantz H, Leckman J, Sukhodolsky D. Functional connectivity during tic suppression predicts reductions in vocal tics following behavior therapy in children with Tourette syndrome. Psychological Medicine 2023, 53: 7857-7864. PMID: 37485677, PMCID: PMC10755221, DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001940.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVoluntary tic suppressionTic suppressionVocal tic severityFunctional connectivityTic severityTourette syndromeRight superior frontal gyrusFirst-line treatmentBehavior therapyComprehensive Behavioral InterventionSuperior frontal gyrusRight angular gyrusVocal ticsFunctional brain networksBehavioral interventionsUsual control conditionFrontal gyrusBaselineAngular gyrusSeverityBrain networksSyndromeChildrenTherapyGyrus
2022
Evaluation of EEG biomarkers of Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics in children with Tourette syndrome
Morand-Beaulieu S, Crowley MJ, Grantz H, Leckman JF, Scahill L, Sukhodolsky DG. Evaluation of EEG biomarkers of Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics in children with Tourette syndrome. Clinical Neurophysiology 2022, 142: 75-85. PMID: 35987093, DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.07.500.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsClinical Global Impressions-Improvement scaleYale Global Tic Severity ScaleComprehensive Behavioral InterventionGo/NoGo taskTourette syndromeTreatment outcomesEEG coherenceTic severityNoGo taskBehavioral interventionsFirst-line treatmentTic Severity ScaleClinical outcomesMotor areaSeverity ScaleAlpha frequency bandBlinded evaluatorsTic controlMotor responseEEG biomarkersOutcomesSyndromeBrain mechanismsSeverityInterventionCourse of Tic Severity in Tourette Syndrome: The First Two Decades
Leckman J, Zhang H, Vitale A, Lahnin F, Lynch K, Bondi C, Kim Y, Peterson B. Course of Tic Severity in Tourette Syndrome: The First Two Decades. 2022, 80-85. DOI: 10.4324/9780203822937-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchYears of ageDecades of lifeTic severityTourette syndromeTS patientsTic onsetClinical evaluationPrevalence studySeverity of ticsInitial clinical evaluationConsistent time courseTime courseHigh rateOnset of pubertyInitial followPatient's coursePrognostic valueYale Child Study CenterBirth-year cohortsPatientsNatural historySyndromeCurve analysisSeverityStudy centers
2020
Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Motor and Phonic Tics: A Case Report
Kohli N, Blitzer A. Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Motor and Phonic Tics: A Case Report. Annals Of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology 2020, 129: 625-627. PMID: 31906695, DOI: 10.1177/0003489419898211.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsYale Global Tic Severity ScaleTreatment of motorPhonic ticsCase reportTic Severity ScaleFacial mimetic musculatureOnabotulinum toxinFiberoptic visualizationBotulinum toxinThroat clearingTic disordersSeverity ScaleTic severityObjective decreaseMimetic musculaturePatientsTreatmentLevel VExperienced reductionsMusculatureToxinReportGruntingBoNTSeverity
2019
Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for Tics in Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome
Sukhodolsky DG, Walsh C, Koller WN, Eilbott J, Rance M, Fulbright RK, Zhao Z, Bloch MH, King R, Leckman JF, Scheinost D, Pittman B, Hampson M. Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for Tics in Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome. Biological Psychiatry 2019, 87: 1063-1070. PMID: 31668476, PMCID: PMC7015800, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.035.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSupplementary motor areaYale Global Tic Severity ScaleFunctional magnetic resonanceTic Severity ScaleReal-time functional magnetic resonanceTourette syndromeSeverity ScaleYale Global Tic Severity Scale-Total Tic ScoreTotal tic scorePrimary outcome measureSham control conditionReduction of ticsMagnetic resonanceSecondary outcomesSessions of neurofeedbackCrossover studyTic symptomsTic scoreOutcome measuresMotor areaSecondary measuresTic severityReal neurofeedbackEnd pointNeurofeedback intervention
2017
Extended-Release Guanfacine Does Not Show a Large Effect on Tic Severity in Children with Chronic Tic Disorders
Murphy TK, Fernandez TV, Coffey BJ, Rahman O, Gavaletz A, Hanks CE, Tillberg CS, Gomez LI, Sukhodolsky DG, Katsovich L, Scahill L. Extended-Release Guanfacine Does Not Show a Large Effect on Tic Severity in Children with Chronic Tic Disorders. Journal Of Child And Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2017, 27: 762-770. PMID: 28723227, DOI: 10.1089/cap.2017.0024.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsExtended-release guanfacineLack of efficacyChronic tic disorderGuanfacine groupPlacebo groupYGTSS total scoreAdverse eventsTotal scoreTic disordersYale Global Tic Severity Scale total scoreClinical Global Impressions-Improvement scaleCommon adverse eventsPlacebo-controlled trialKey secondary outcomesPrimary outcome measureLarger efficacy trialScale total scoreDry mouthSecondary outcomesPreliminary efficacyWeek 8Efficacy trialsOutcome measuresTic severityTourette's disorderModerators and predictors of response to behavior therapy for tics in Tourette syndrome
Sukhodolsky DG, Woods DW, Piacentini J, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Katsovich L, Dziura J, Walkup JT, Scahill L. Moderators and predictors of response to behavior therapy for tics in Tourette syndrome. Neurology 2017, 88: 1029-1036. PMID: 28202705, PMCID: PMC5384839, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003710.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPredictors of responseChronic tic disorderTic reductionTic disordersPsychiatric disordersYale Global Tic Severity Scale-Total Tic ScoreTic severityTourette syndromeClinical Global Impressions-Improvement scoreCo-occurring psychiatric disordersAnxiety disordersSubgroup of patientsTotal tic scoreMain outcome measuresPredictors of outcomeBehavior therapyComprehensive Behavioral InterventionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderPremonitory urge severityReduction of ticsCo-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderGreater tic severityTIC characteristicsTic improvementClinical characteristicsSystematic review of severity scales and screening instruments for tics: Critique and recommendations
Martino D, Pringsheim TM, Cavanna AE, Colosimo C, Hartmann A, Leckman JF, Luo S, Munchau A, Goetz CG, Stebbins GT, Martinez‐Martin P, Development T. Systematic review of severity scales and screening instruments for tics: Critique and recommendations. Movement Disorders 2017, 32: 467-473. PMID: 28071825, PMCID: PMC5482361, DOI: 10.1002/mds.26891.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTics and Tourette Syndrome
Sukhodolsky D, Gladstone T, Kaushal S, Piasecka J, Leckman J. Tics and Tourette Syndrome. Autism And Child Psychopathology Series 2017, 241-256. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71210-9_14.ChaptersHabit reversal trainingTourette syndromeBehavioral interventionsPathophysiology of TSComprehensive clinical careComprehensive Behavioral InterventionCore clinical characteristicsAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderModerators of responseCo-occurring conditionsDisruptive behavior disordersClinical characteristicsChronic motorClinical efficacyTic expressionVocal ticsClinical recommendationsCo-occurring psychopathologyClinical careTic severityTreatment approachesPremonitory urgesBehavior disorderAnxiety disordersDiagnostic assessment
2015
Role of the right dorsal anterior insula in the urge to tic in tourette syndrome
Tinaz S, Malone P, Hallett M, Horovitz SG. Role of the right dorsal anterior insula in the urge to tic in tourette syndrome. Movement Disorders 2015, 30: 1190-1197. PMID: 25855089, PMCID: PMC5088605, DOI: 10.1002/mds.26230.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRight dorsal anterior insulaDorsal anterior insulaTourette syndromeAnterior insulaFunctional connectivityBilateral supplementary motor areaResting-state functional magnetic resonance imagingAdult Tourette patientsSupplementary motor areaDorsal-anterior partFunctional magnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance imagingCortico-striatoTourette patientsUrge suppressionHealthy subjectsMotor areaThalamic regionsTic severityPremonitory urgesPatientsSyndromeUrge severityResonance imagingTic generation
2014
Randomized Sham Controlled Double-blind Trial of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Adults With Severe Tourette Syndrome
Landeros-Weisenberger A, Mantovani A, Motlagh MG, de Alvarenga PG, Katsovich L, Leckman JF, Lisanby SH. Randomized Sham Controlled Double-blind Trial of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Adults With Severe Tourette Syndrome. Brain Stimulation 2014, 8: 574-581. PMID: 25912296, PMCID: PMC4454615, DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.015.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationSham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationSupplementary motor areaLow-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationFrequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationActive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationSevere Tourette syndromeTranscranial magnetic stimulationTourette syndromeTic severityMagnetic stimulationDouble-blind sham-controlled trialEfficacy of rTMSOpen-label active treatmentYGTSS total tic scoreAlternative stimulation protocolsDouble-blind trialOpen-label studySham-controlled trialTotal tic scoreActive rTMS treatmentRandomized ShamRTMS treatmentActive treatmentMotor thresholdVariables Associated With Tic Exacerbation in Children With Chronic Tic Disorders
Himle MB, Capriotti MR, Hayes LP, Ramanujam K, Scahill L, Sukhodolsky DG, Wilhelm S, Deckersbach T, Peterson AL, Specht MW, Walkup JT, Chang S, Piacentini J. Variables Associated With Tic Exacerbation in Children With Chronic Tic Disorders. Behavior Modification 2014, 38: 163-183. PMID: 24778433, PMCID: PMC4211980, DOI: 10.1177/0145445514531016.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2013
Detecting a clinically meaningful change in tic severity in Tourette syndrome: A comparison of three methods
Jeon S, Walkup JT, Woods DW, Peterson A, Piacentini J, Wilhelm S, Katsovich L, McGuire JF, Dziura J, Scahill L. Detecting a clinically meaningful change in tic severity in Tourette syndrome: A comparison of three methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2013, 36: 414-420. PMID: 24001701, PMCID: PMC3999642, DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.08.012.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOdds ratioTourette syndromeYGTSS total tic scoreChronic tic disorderPositive treatment responsePositive responseTic scoreTic disordersTreatment responseTic severityTreatment assignmentBehavioral treatmentSignal detection analysisBehavioral interventionsSyndromeCGICategorical measuresTrialsMeaningful changeSeverityPercent reductionOptimal sensitivityDimensional measuresResponseBrain mechanisms for prepulse inhibition in adults with Tourette syndrome: Initial findings
Zebardast N, Crowley MJ, Bloch MH, Mayes LC, Vander Wyk BV, Leckman JF, Pelphrey KA, Swain JE. Brain mechanisms for prepulse inhibition in adults with Tourette syndrome: Initial findings. Psychiatry Research 2013, 214: 33-41. PMID: 23916249, PMCID: PMC3932431, DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.05.009.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTourette syndromeFunctional magnetic resonance imagingHealthy subjectsTic severityWhole-brain functional magnetic resonance imagingYale Global Tic Severity ScaleTactile startle responseCase-control study designTic Severity ScaleCortical-striatal circuitsBrain activityMagnetic resonance imagingMultiple brain regionsLeft middle frontal gyrusMiddle frontal gyrusDegree of PPIPulse-alone stimuliBlock-design fMRI paradigmTic symptomsNeuropathological dataHealthy controlsPrepulse inhibitionDevelopmental neuropsychiatric disordersSensorimotor gatingLeft caudate
2012
Tourette syndrome in youth with and without obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Lebowitz ER, Motlagh MG, Katsovich L, King RA, Lombroso PJ, Grantz H, Lin H, Bentley MJ, Gilbert DL, Singer HS, Coffey BJ, the Tourette Syndrome Study Group, Kurlan RM, Leckman JF. Tourette syndrome in youth with and without obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2012, 21: 451-457. PMID: 22543961, PMCID: PMC3722559, DOI: 10.1007/s00787-012-0278-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderComorbid tic disordersObsessive-compulsive disorderSeverity of ticsChronic tic disorderTic disordersPsychosocial stressDeficit hyperactivity disorderGlobal functioningComorbid diagnosesHyperactivity disorderMore severe ticsComorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorderDiagnosis of OCDComorbid obsessive-compulsive disorderAdditional comorbid diagnosesSymptoms of anxietyHigh psychosocial stressMore internalizing disordersGreater psychosocial stressSevere ticsOppositional defiant disorderSevere subtypeTic severityTourette syndrome
2010
Psychosocial outcome and psychiatric comorbidity in older adolescents with Tourette syndrome: controlled study
Gorman DA, Thompson N, Plessen KJ, Robertson MM, Leckman JF, Peterson BS. Psychosocial outcome and psychiatric comorbidity in older adolescents with Tourette syndrome: controlled study. The British Journal Of Psychiatry 2010, 197: 36-44. PMID: 20592431, PMCID: PMC2894981, DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.071050.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderGlobal Assessment Scale scoresTourette syndromePsychosocial outcomesComorbidity ratesChildren's Global Assessment Scale scoresPsychosocial functioningImprovement of ticsLifetime psychiatric disordersLower Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) scoresAssessment Scale scoresAge 18 yearsYears of ageHigh comorbidity ratesOlder adolescentsLifetime comorbidity ratesLower CGAS scoresPoor psychosocial outcomesComorbidity outcomesPsychiatric comorbidityMajor depressionCGAS scoresPsychiatric disordersTic severityObsessive-compulsive disorder symptomsBehavior Therapy for Children With Tourette Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Piacentini J, Woods DW, Scahill L, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Chang S, Ginsburg GS, Deckersbach T, Dziura J, Levi-Pearl S, Walkup JT. Behavior Therapy for Children With Tourette Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2010, 303: 1929-1937. PMID: 20483969, PMCID: PMC2993317, DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.607.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsComprehensive Behavioral InterventionClinical Global Impressions-Improvement scaleYale Global Tic Severity ScaleChronic tic disorderTic Severity ScaleBehavioral interventionsSupportive therapyTic disordersSeverity ScaleTourette's disorderBehavior therapyFirst-line treatmentControlled TrialsSevere ticsAntipsychotic medicationNeurologic conditionsPrimary diagnosisTic severityTreatment sessionsControl groupTherapySymptom severityAdverse effectsTreatment gainsMore children
2009
Meta-Analysis: Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children With Comorbid Tic Disorders
Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF. Meta-Analysis: Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children With Comorbid Tic Disorders. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2009, 48: 884-893. PMID: 19625978, PMCID: PMC3943246, DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3181b26e9f.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdrenergic alpha-AgonistsAtomoxetine HydrochlorideAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityChildComorbidityContraindicationsDose-Response Relationship, DrugDouble-Blind MethodHumansMethylphenidatePropylaminesPsychotropic DrugsRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicTic DisordersTourette SyndromeConceptsAlpha-2 agonistsAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderTic symptomsComorbid ticsSupratherapeutic dosesTic disordersADHD symptomsTreatment of ADHDHyperactivity disorderPlacebo-controlled trialEfficacy of medicationsStandardized mean differenceEvidence-based treatmentsHalf of childrenComorbid tic disordersPrimary outcomeDifferent medicationsPsychostimulant medicationPubMed searchTic severityTourette syndromePackage insertsDrug AdministrationAtomoxetineSymptoms
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